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''What Is to Be Done?'' ''Burning Questions of Our Movement'' (), is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin in 1901 and published in 1902.〔Paul Le Blanc, ''Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin'' (Pluto Press, London: 2008), 9, 128〕 Its title is inspired by the novel of the same name by the 19th century Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky. In ''What Is to Be Done?'', Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages, working hours and the like. To convert the working class to Marxism, Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party, or "vanguard," of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers. The pamphlet precipitated in part the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. In 1904 Leon Trotsky published his reply ''Our Political Tasks'', observing that Lenin's approach will inevitably lead to a bloody takeover of the party by a dictator akin to the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution.〔(http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Russia/BOOKS/Trotsky/Our%20Political%20Tasks%20Trotsky.pdf )〕 ==Main points== Lenin first confronted the so-called "Economist" trend in Russian Social Democracy, who followed the line of Eduard Bernstein. He explained that Bernstein's positions were opportunist, a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand, as in taking a post in a bourgeois government. Against the Economists' demand for "freedom of criticism", Lenin advanced the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return. He stressed that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie, revolutionary Social Democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions, recalling Friedrich Engels' position that there were three forms of Social Democratic struggle: political, economic, and theoretical. Lenin puts the case that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists just by fighting battles over wages with their employers; instead, Marxists need to form a political party to publicise Marxist ideas and persuade workers to become Marxists. He goes on to argue that to understand politics you must understand all of society, not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers. To become political and to become Marxists, workers need to learn about all of society, not just their own corner of it: Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers ''only from without''; that is, only from outside the economic struggle, from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers. The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships (of ''all'' classes and strata) to the state and the government, the sphere of the interrelations between ''all'' classes.〔Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, (''What Is To Be Done?'' ) (1901), (Lenin Internet Archive ).〕 Writing about the wave of strikes in late nineteenth century Russia, Lenin states that "the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only trade-union consciousness"; that is, combining into unions, etc. Socialist theory, however, in Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, was the product of the "educated representatives of the propertied classes", the intellectuals or "revolutionary socialist intellectuals". Lenin states that Marx and Engels themselves, the very founders of modern scientific socialism, belonged to this bourgeois intelligentsia.〔Paul Le Blanc, ''Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin'' (Pluto Press, London: 2008), 31, 137-138〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「What Is to Be Done?」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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